Imagine we had a question: “Do men and women differ on X?” No matter what “X” is—height, empathy, knowledge of 13 th century Spanish history, or anything else—we know that any given man will be ...

Anti-reductionists hold that beliefs based upon comprehension (of both force and content) of tellings are non-inferentially justified. For reductionists, on the other hand, comprehension as such is ...